16. What are the strongest shapes in building?
Ans:
The pillars
17. What are the functions of a
column in a building?
Ans:
A column is used to support the
weight of the roof and/or the upper floors. Now days, many columns are used for
decorative purposes. A column along with load bearing beams can support a lot
of weight.
18. What is the difference between epoxy grout, cement grout and cement mortar?
Ans:
Epoxy grout consists of epoxy
resin, epoxy hardener and sand/aggregates. In fact, there are various types of
resin used in construction industry like epoxy, polyester, polyurethane etc.
Though epoxy grout appears to imply the presence of cement material by its
name, it does not contain any cement at all. On the other hand, epoxy hardener
serves to initiate the hardening process of epoxy grout. It is commonly used
for repairing hairline cracks and cavities in concrete structures and can be
adopted as primer or bonding agent.
Cement grout is formed by mixing
cement powder with water in which the ratio of cement of water is more or less
similar to that of concrete. Setting and hardening are the important processes
which affect the performance of cement grout. Moreover, the presence of
excessive voids would also affect the strength, stiffness and permeability of
grout. It is versatile in application of filling voids and gaps in
structures.
Cement mortar is normally a
mixture of cement, water and sand. They are used as bedding for concrete kerbs
in roadwork.
19. Name different types of cement used in Civil engineering?
Ans:
Portland Blast Furnace slag
cement
Sulphate Resisting Portland
Cement
Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement
Clinker Cement
White cement
20. What is concrete curing?
Ans:
Curing is the process of
maintaining the moisture and temperature conditions for freshly deployed
concrete. This is done for small duration of time to allow the hardening of
concrete. The methods that are involved in saving the shrinkage of the concrete
includes: (a) Spraying of water
(b) Wet covering of surface
(c) Ponding
(d) Steam curing
21. What is the difference between fasteners, bolts and screws?
Ans:
Fastener is a general term to
describe something which is used as a restraint for holding things together or
attaching to other things.
The main physical distinction
between screws and bolts is that screws are entirely full of threads while
bolts contain shanks without threads. However, a better interpretation of the
differences between the two is that bolts are always fitted with nuts. On the
contrary, screws are normally used with tapped holes.
22. How can the unpredictable nature of the environment affect the structures built?
Ans:
Rain, wind, volcanoes, tornadoes
and earthquakes can all affect buildings, often destroying them in extremes.
Structures can be built with these in mind, such as using triangular shapes
within the support structure to ensure stability. Materials and structures can
be altered to accommodate for reliable environmental factors.
23. How can changes in society affect projects?
Ans:
An increase in urbanization would
create more challenges in transportation projects, whereas a decrease would
create less new projects and increase jobs that are centered on maintenance.
Local attitudes to the construction can affect the efficiency of the work, and
budgets set by the government can also affect the projects heavily.
24. Explain the mechanism of cavitations in pipes and drains?
Ans:
The formation of air bubbles in a
fluid due to low pressure conditions lower than the saturation pressure is
known as cavitations. This is considered to be a high potential damage
condition where the strength and durability of the pipes can be greatly
reduced. Cavitation works on the principle of Bernoulli's Equation. When fluids
are at high velocities the pressure head of fluids reduce accordingly. But
since the fluid pressure is lower than the saturation pressure the dissolved
gases get released from the flowing fluid. These air bubbles suddenly collapse
on entering a region of high pressure. This leads to the damage of the
pipelines as a high level of dynamic pressure is created.
25. What is appealing about Civil Engineering?
Ans:
Applying an interest of Physics and Mathematics to day to day work is an
appealing side to Civil Engineering. Enjoying the task of solving problems,
such as those related to infrastructure, is beneficial. Also, Civil Engineering
gives an individual the opportunity to contribute positively to the
constructive development of the society, with the needs and opinions of the
local community in mind.
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