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6. What is .NET Framework?

Ans:     

.NET Framework is a complete environment that allows developers to develop, run, and deploy the following applications: 

1. Console applications
2. Windows Forms applications
3. Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) applications
4. Web applications (ASP.NET applications)
5. Web services
6. Windows services
7. Service-oriented applications using Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)
8. Workflow-enabled applications using Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)

.NET Framework also enables a developer to create sharable components to be used in distributed computing architecture. NET Framework supports the object-oriented programming model for multiple languages, such as Visual Basic, Visual C#, and Visual C++. .NET Framework supports multiple programming languages in a manner that allows language interoperability. This implies that each language can use the code written in some other language.

7. What are the main components of .NET Framework?

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.NET Framework provides enormous advantages to software developers in comparison to the advantages provided by other platforms. Microsoft has united various modern as well as existing technologies of software development in .NET Framework. These technologies are used by developers to develop highly efficient applications for modern as well as future business needs.

The following are the key components of .NET Framework: 

· .NET Framework Class Library

·  Common Language Runtime

·  Dynamic Language Runtimes (DLR)

·  Application Domains

·  Runtime Host

·  Common Type System

·  Metadata and Self-Describing Components

·  Cross-Language Interoperability

· .NET Framework Security

·  Profiling

·  Side-by-Side Execution

8. What is an IL?

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(IL)Intermediate Language is also known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) or CIL (Common Intermediate Language). All .NET source code is compiled to IL. IL is then converted to machine code at the point where the software is installed, or at run-time by a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.

9. What is a Assembly?

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Assembly is unit of deployment like EXE or a DLL.

10. What are the different types of Assembly?

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There are two types of assembly Private and Public assembly.

A private assembly is normally used by a single application, and is stored in the application's directory, or a sub-directory beneath.

A shared assembly is normally stored in the global assembly cache, which is a repository of assemblies maintained by the .NET runtime. Shared assemblies are usually libraries of code, which many applications will find useful, e.g. Crystal report classes that will be used by all application for Reports.

11. What is NameSpace?

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Namespace has two basic functionality:-

• NameSpace Logically group types, example System.Web.UI logically groups UI related features.

• In Object Oriented world, many times it is possible that programmers will use the same class name. Qualifying NameSpace with class name can avoid this collision.

12. What is Manifest?

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Assembly metadata is stored in Manifest. Manifest contains all the metadata needed to do the following things  Version of assembly.

·  Security identity.

·  Scope of the assembly.

·  Resolve references to resources and classes.

· The assembly manifest can be stored in a PE file either (an .exe or) .dll with Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL code with Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code or in a stand-alone PE file, that contains only assembly manifest information.

13. Name the classes that are introduced in the System.Numerics namespace.

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The following two new classes are introduced in the System.Numerics namespace: 

BigInteger - Refers to a non-primitive integral type, which is used to hold a value of any size. It has no lower and upper limit, making it possible for you to perform arithmetic calculations with very large numbers, even with the numbers which cannot hold by double or long. 

Complex - Represents complex numbers and enables different arithmetic operations with complex numbers. A number represented in the form a + bi, where a is the real part, and b is the imaginary part, is a complex number.

14. What is garbage collection? Which method do you use to enforce garbage collection in .NET?

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Garbage collection prevents memory leaks during execution of programs. Garbage collector is a low-priority process that manages the allocation and deallocation of memory for your application. It checks for the unreferenced variables and objects. If GC finds any object that is no longer used by the application, it frees up the memory from that object.

The System.GC.Collect() method is used to enforce garbage collection in .NET.

15. State the differences between the Dispose() and Finalize().

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CLR uses the Dispose and Finalize methods to perform garbage collection of run-time objects of .NET applications. The Finalize method is called automatically by the runtime. CLR has a garbage collector (GC), which periodically checks for objects in heap that are no longer referenced by any object or program. It calls the Finalize method to free the memory used by such objects. The Dispose method is called by the programmer. Dispose is another method to release the memory used by an object. The Dispose method needs to be explicitly called in code to dereference an object from the heap. The Dispose method can be invoked only by the classes that implement the IDisposable interface.

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